来自同济大学生命科学与技术学院的研究人员发表了题为“Reprogramming of H3K9me3-dependent heterochromatin during mammalian embryo development”的文章,首次在全基因组水平上揭示了小鼠植入前及植入后胚胎发育过程中异染色质修饰H3K9me3的重编程过程,并阐释了异染色质修饰H3K9me3对于植入前胚胎中逆转座子(Retro-transposons)沉默起到的重要作用。
这一研究成果公布在4月23日的Nature Cell Biology杂志上,文章的通讯作者为同济大学高绍荣教授、张勇教授及高亚威副教授,一作为王晨飞,刘晓雨和杨磊。同济大学高绍荣教授及张勇教授课题组长期以来致力于早期胚胎发育过程中表观遗传调控机制的研究。这是继2016年他们在《Nature》发表论文后又一重要研究成果。
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异染色质修饰H3K9me3在植入前及植入后胚胎发育过程中动态变化
异染色质修饰H3K9me3是一种抑制性的组蛋白修饰,在成体细胞中大量存在于逆转座子及部分基因启动子区域,通常被认为是细胞间命运转换的壁垒。前期研究发现在iPS细胞诱导及体细胞核移植(SCNT)的过程中人为去除H3K9me3修饰,可以极大的提高重编程效率。
在早期胚胎发育的过程中,H3K9me3修饰必然会经历大规模的重编程,从而使得高度特化的父本和母本基因组重新获得全能性,并且完成后续的胚胎发育和细胞分化,然而对于这一过程中H3K9me3重编程是怎样实现的人们并不了解。
在这项研究中,高绍荣教授课题组利用ULI-NChIP-seq技术检测了雌雄配子、植入前胚胎发育连续时间点及植入后6.5-8.5天胚胎发育过程中H3K9me3修饰在全基因组尺度分布水平,对H3K9me3修饰的继承、去除和重新建立进行了详细探讨。
通过综合整合H3K9me3修饰、DNA甲基化修饰及基因表达数据并进行生物信息学分析,研究人员发现启动子区域和LTR逆转座子区域存在独特的H3K9me3修饰调控特征,启动子区域的H3K9me3修饰在受精后被大量去除,直到植入后才开始重新建立,而LTR逆转座子区域的H3K9me3修饰在植入前胚胎发育过程中逐渐增强。受精后父本和母本的基因组均发生了大量的H3K9me3修饰的去除和重建,母本基因组的H3K9me3修饰水平要远高于父本基因组,且这种父母本的不均衡性一直维持到囊胚时期。
在植入前胚胎发育中,随着整体DNA甲基化水平的降低,在Chaf1a等因子的作用下,LTR逆转座子区域的抑制因素逐渐由DNA甲基化替换为H3K9me3修饰,且这种替换对于维持胚胎基因组的稳定性和正常发育具有重要的意义,敲降Chaf1a因子会导致胚胎发育阻滞。在植入后胚胎中,第一次细胞命运决定之后,启动子区域形成了谱系特异(lineage specific)的H3K9me3修饰,这些谱系特异的H3K9me3修饰的形成很可能受到了谱系特异转录因子调控,并对谱系中其他命运相关的基因起到了沉默作用。
这项研究首次绘制了早期胚胎发育及植入后胚胎细胞命运决定过程中异染色质修饰H3K9me3的建立图谱,探讨了这种修饰的继承、去除与重建对于细胞获得全能性、维持稳定的基因组结构及确保细胞分化的方向性起到的作用。对于人们理解表观遗传学修饰在胚胎发育和细胞分化的过程中的作用提供了有力的证据。
原文标题:
Reprogramming of H3K9me3-dependent heterochromatin during mammalian embryo development
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<p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">生物通报道:如果研究者们想知道蛋白在做什么,他们通常会采取直接的方式:免疫共沉淀能知道蛋白</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">A</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和蛋白</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">B</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有没有在一起,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能确定蛋白</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">A</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是否与核酸序列</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">B</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">结合。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">染色质免疫共沉淀</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可以鉴定与指定蛋白结合的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">DNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">序列,其基础理念能追溯到几十年前。如今</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">已经成为了表观基因组学的一个基本工具,与新一代测序联合使用可以实现基因组调控区域的定位和图谱分析。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">过去人们倾向于将大部分精力放在蛋白编码区域,斯坦福大学医学院的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Michael Snyder</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教授说。“很明显调控区域也是非常重要的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">差不多是找出这些调控区域的最佳途径。”</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">实验主要是通过交联把蛋白质</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">-DNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">互作固定下来,破碎细胞并释放其中的染色质。随后将</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">DNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">打碎成小片段,用针对靶蛋白的抗体捕获我们想要的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">DNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。最后去除交联复原</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">DNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,再通过</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">PCR</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">DNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">芯片或测序进行检测。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的基础理念多年来并没有太大的改变,但开发者们一直在不断进行着优化。在辞旧迎新之际,让我们看看</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">领域都有哪些值得期待的新东西。(延伸阅读:<a href="http://www.ebiotrade.com/newsf/2014-2/2014223200808212.htm"><span style="color:#0000ff">成功</span></a></span><a href="http://www.ebiotrade.com/newsf/2014-2/2014223200808212.htm"><span style="color:#0000ff"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的三大秘诀</span></span></a><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处理低量细胞</span><span lang="EN-US"><!--?xml:namespace prefix="o" ns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"--><o:p></o:p><!--?xml:namespace--></span></span></strong></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传统</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">往往需要使用大量的细胞,一百万甚至更多。对于成天与临床样本打交道的研究者而言,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">FACS</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分选细胞和</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">FFPE</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">细胞很难达到这样的要求。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在这种情况下,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Active Motif</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP-IT® High Sensitivity kit</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就是一个不错的选择。从产品资料上看,这种试剂盒适合处理低量细胞(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1000</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个细胞)或低丰度蛋白(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">50,000</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个细胞),尤其是一些稀有转录因子。“这是目前我们最畅销的产品之一,”该公司的产品经理</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Kyle Hondorp</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">说。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Times New Roman"> </span></span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果你想要对这样获得的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">DNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进行测序,可以试一试</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Kapa Biosystems</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">KAPA Hyper Prep Kit</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。这种试剂盒能用</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">生成的低量</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">DNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">100 pg</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)构建测序文库,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Kapa</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司的支持和应用经理</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Adriana Geldart</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">介绍道。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最近</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Active Motif</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司还发布了低量细胞的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP-Seq</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">技术服务,你只需要提供一万个细胞,就能将相关工作丢给他们去做。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span id="lburl" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://www.ebiotrade.com/feedback/newsforms/buyform.aspx?subid=2&companyname=Active%2520Motif&companyid=480&proname=ChIP-IT%2526reg%3b+High+Sensitivity+kit&extraEmail=" target="blank">立即索取ChIP-IT® High Sensitivity kit的最新信息</a></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">固态</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></strong></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传统</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通过偶联蛋白</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">A</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或蛋白</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">G</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的琼脂糖或磁性微珠,来沉淀抗体</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">-</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">染色质复合物。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Chromatrap</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司将这个过程改造成一种基于过滤器的新方法。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Chromatrap</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分析用蛋白</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">A</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或蛋白</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">G</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">包被的多孔过滤器取代微珠,省去了许多</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相关的传统液体处理步骤。“它基本上是一种固态</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分析,”</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Chromatrap</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Stephen Knight</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">指出。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这种方式可以显著减少洗脱和移液步骤中的样本损失,“我们加样之后,样品就留在基质中,”产品开发经理</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Amy Beynon</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">说,“洗脱只需</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">30</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">秒,而微珠需要五分钟。”当然,这也大大缩短了</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所需的时间。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Chromatrap</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分析产品具有多种不同的规格,比如离心柱、</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">96</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">孔板、为下游</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">qPCR</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或测序优化的试剂盒。另外,你还可以选择超声或是酶消化。“我们目前有</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">36</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种试剂盒,”</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Knight</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">说,这一数字正在持续增加,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">2016</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第一季度将达到</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">50</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该公司逐步在一月份发布</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">native Chromatrap</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">试剂盒(即非交联试剂盒)。之后不久,他们还会发布一个针对</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">FFPE</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">样本的试剂盒。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">反向</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span></span></strong></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可以用来鉴定与指定蛋白相互作用的基因组区域。如果我们想要知道某个基因组片段的相关蛋白该怎么办呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">2013</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年大阪大学的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Hodaka Fujii</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">发表了一个这样的方法,并将其命名为</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">enChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">enChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">使用催化失活的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CRISPR/Cas9</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">系统和自定义的引导</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">RNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,来特异性捕获指定基因组片段上的大分子(包括蛋白、</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">RNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">DNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">enChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">抗体靶标的不是特定蛋白,而是</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Cas9</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">附带的多肽标签。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">研究者们可以通过这种方式,鉴定与目的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">DNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相关的任何蛋白、</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">RNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或其他</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">DNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Hondorp</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">介绍道。(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Active Motif</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">正在将这种方法商业化,并计划在</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">2016</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年上半年推出。)</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“传统</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是靶标特定蛋白,鉴定它所在的基因组位点,”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman"> <span lang="EN-US">Hondorp</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">解释道。“</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">enChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是反向的,靶标基因组区域然后鉴定谁结合在那里。”这种试剂盒可以检测染色质成环(与</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Hi-C</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类似),或者在</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CRISPR/Cas9</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">研究中分析引导</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">RNA</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的脱靶情况。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">抗体</span></strong></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">市面上的</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">试剂盒种类繁多,但你可能并不真的需要它们,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Novus Biologicals</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司的产品经理</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Paul Spear</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">说。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">经验丰富的实验室往往使用自制试剂,比如</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Snyder</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教授的实验室。该实验室在承担</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ENCODE</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">项目的时候,使用了数百种</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">抗体。“这种情况真的没必要购买试剂盒,”</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Snyder</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">说。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从本质上看,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">实验中只有一个试剂是至关重要的,“最重要的还是抗体怎么样,”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman"> <span lang="EN-US">Snyder</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">指出。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">没有哪一种抗体适合所有的实验,因此供应商一般会标明抗体是否做过</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">验证。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Abcam</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司提供有大约六百种</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">验证抗体,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Novus Biologicals</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司拥有大约四百种,而</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Chromatrap</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司最近也发布了自己的第一批抗体(九种)。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">虽然许多公司都在不遗余力地测试自己的抗体,但自己验证一下抗体是比较明智的,</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Snyder</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">说。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">2012</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年他和同事列出了</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ENCODE </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">modENCODE</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">项目的抗体使用指南,详细说明了转录因子和组蛋白修饰抗体的验证方法。在他们测试的抗体中,“只有四分之一或五分之一”适合</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">ChIP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。专家给出的建议是,新抗体买来之后应该用供应商推荐的步骤和对照进行测试。</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:16px">参考文献</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>[1] Fujita, T, Fujii, H, “Efficient isolation of specific genomic regions and identification of associated proteins by engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP) using CRISPR,” Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 439, 132-6, 2013. [PMID: 23942116] </span></span></span></p><p style="text-align:left; MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Times New Roman">[2] Landt, SG, et al., “ChIP-seq guidelines and practices of the ENCODE and modENCODE consortia,” Genome Res, 22:1813-31, 2012. [PMID: 22955991]</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 15.6pt 0cm;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Jeffrey M. Perkel</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">撰写</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">/</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">叶予编译)</span></span></p>